psalm 33:6 By the word of the Lord were the heavens made;
and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth.
7 He gathereth the waters of the sea together as an heap:
he layeth up the depth in storehouses.
8 Let all the earth fear the Lord:
let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of him.
9 For he spake, and it was done;
he commanded, and it stood fast.
How old is the earth? What is it made of and how did it form?
vs.
Genesis 1:
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
:9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. 10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good."
Biblical teaching states that the earth has liquid/watery origins. Wet mud drying does not require a massive timescale.
The volcanic planetary evolution requires that a molten fireball earth descended from the sun and this required millions/billions of years to cool down.
http://biblesmack.blogspot.com/2013/02/rock-of-ages.html
The traditional Uniformitarian view from a christian old earther
"Most ASA members accept the consensus scientific view on the age of the
earth. Already in 1949 based on radiometric dating techniques, ASA
member Laurence Kulp said, "One of the most probable facts in geology, I
believe, is that the earth is close to two billion years old..." Kulp's
early paper supporting the old earth position and criticizing YEC is
featured in the collection below. A paper written for the ASA web site
,
"Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective" by physicist Roger Wiens
has proved to be one of the most popular in terms of electronic
downloads. Many of the resources here simply review the scientific
claims for an old earth and then seek to understand that great age in
light of what the Bible says."
http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html
Sounds fair enough. But something odd is sticking out. You may notice it if we give an earlier quote of there's...
"Using radiometric dating modern science has concluded that the earth is 4.54 billion years old."
The pioneer of this institution (American Scientific Affiliation) has dated the age of the earth over 2 and half billion years earlier than the current estimate. His date is closer to the young earth estimate than the Old Earth estimate. In light of the current date he could be labeled a young earther!! Worse then that. Both estimates are based upon radiometric dating techniques. And while we can simply say they measured further in the past with better technology. The Fact is that dating methods are not supposed to give us certainty.
When ever we hit historical problems we can ignore the need for revision and simply invent time!
Let's say you are watching your favorite crime scene investigation show. In order to recreate the crime scene, are the investigators capable of piecing together a scenario where the victim dies before the body was found? Or how about a scenario where the man was dead years ago even though the victim was scene alive? How can any fact the detective finds refute his current assumptions? All he has to do is add more speculation without any accountability. Maybe the suspect had a look alike etc.
When we give an infinite timescale We have jumped into the world of science fictions. Our historical observations only go back a few thousand years. So the further back we go the more all certainty falls apart.
We are not so deep! Deep time like deep space and similar concepts assumes long scale concepts that surpass our observations in order to preserve naturalism.
They make the Uniformitarian assumption which would assume that nature has always been the same. Then they ignore historical observations. Instead of asking Historic record, they fantasize of an era of prehistory
Historical dating( Genealogies)
"Origin of agriculture. Secular dating puts it at about 10,000 years and
yet that same chronology says that modern man has supposedly been around
for at least 200,000 years. Surely someone would have worked out much
sooner how to sow seeds of plants to produce food."
Marshak, A., ‘Exploring the mind of Ice Age man’,
Nat. Geog.
147(Jan. 1975) 64–89.
" Evolutionists claim that mankind evolved from apes about a million years ago. If
the population had grown at just 0.01% per year since then (doubling only every
7,000 years), there could be 1043 people today—that’s a number
with 43 zeros after it."http://creation.com/where-are-all-the-people
How do you handle buried treasure?
If you were to find a buried treasure chest filled with coins. You would look at a coin and find the date. 1675. From that date you would know that the ship must not have sank before 1675. Because the coin would not have existed to be placed on the ship before that. As you look further you find a coin dated 1742. The ship must not have sank before 1742 because both coins would have existed afterwards. Yet only one coin existed prior to 1742. Obviously the most current coin which you can find will determine how recent the ship sank. This same principle applies to dating the age of the earth. If an essential element of the earth is recent then the rest of the earth must be recent,
Is the hourglass reliable?
"
Before 1955, ages for the Earth based on uranium/thorium/lead ratios were generally
about a billion years younger than the currently popular 4.5 billion years. The
radiometric evidence for a 4.5 b.y. old Earth is reviewed and deficiencies of the
uranium/lead method are discussed. The basic theory of radiometric dating is briefly
reviewed. Since 1955 the estimate for the age of the Earth has been based on the
assumption that certain meteorite lead isotope ratios are equivalent to the primordial
lead isotope ratios on Earth. In 1972 this assumption was shown to be highly questionable.
Despite this, the momentum gained in the two decades prior to 1972 has made 4.5
b.y. a popularly accepted “universal constant” even though the foundations
on which it was based have been virtually removed. Some evidence is also presented
to show that radiometric results that are in agreement with the accepted geological
time scale are selectively published in preference to those results that are not
in agreement."
"
One third of lead ores are regarded as anomalous, since they have negative ages, that
is ages extending billions of years into the future, in some cases.
The geological time scale and an age for the Earth of 4.5 b.y. rely heavily on the
uranium/thorium/lead radiometric dating methods.1
Because it is not generally appreciated that the assumptions on which the radiometric
estimates are based are a virtually impossible sequence of events, let us refresh
our minds on the fundamentals of the method by turning to the hourglass analogy
(Fig. 1).
- the hole does not clog up,
- the sand always flows at a known and reproducible rate,
- we know how much sand is in the bottom at the beginning,
- no sand is added or subtracted during the timing run. In other words, it has to
be a closed system.
This system of measuring time works well providing that:In general, dates in the ‘correct ball park’ are assumed to be correct
and published, but those in disagreement are with other data are seldom published. Since radioactive decay constants are believed to be unalterable, the requirement
of an absolutely reproducible rate is hopefully met. Therefore, all one has to do
in general terms is to find a radioactive mineral which has been a closed system
since the time of mineralization, and for which the amount of the daughter product
at the beginning is known, the so-called primordial amount, and the absolute age
may be calculated from the present amount of parent and daughter isotopes in the
mineral.
Briefly, the weakest points in this method are that (a) truly closed systems probably
do not exist in nature,4
(b) the primordial concentration of isotopes is an intractable problem and the value
chosen can only be based on assumptions and (c), even the invariance of decay constants
is now under question.5– 12 More than a dozen radioactive isotopes are
known to have easily altered decay constants, by up to 4%* by merely
changing the chemical form of the isotope. Therefore, the following is simply a
statement of the obvious;
“As in the case with radiometric ages determined from almost any rock unit
it is impossible to establish unequivocally that the ages reported here reflect
the time of original crystallization or emplacement of the bodies from which they
are derived.”13
http://creation.com/radiometric-dating-age-of-earth
Ralph W. Matthews, Ph.D.
Time is running out(the 2nd law of thermodynamics)
"The Second Law of Thermodynamics is about the
quality of energy. It states that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted. The Second Law also states that there is a natural tendency of any isolated
system to degenerate into a more disordered state. "
http://www.livescience.com/50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html
So if all energy is wasted, then how could we start with such a maximum energy? If there is not an infinite creator where did all the energy come from?
Did you check to see if the faucet is leaking?
But what about the long ages? Shouldn't a late date prove aging? Think about it like this. You step into a kitchen and find a sink with a bucket of water in it. The faucet is leaking a drip into the bucket. You therefore reckon that if you measure the water in the bucket and divide it by the weight of the drip, you could convert it to the timing of the drip in the faucet to determine how long the water has been dripping in the faucet. This sounds like a good scientific strategy. However, you have made some assumptions. How do you know that the faucet has maintained the same drip? What if someone was in the room before and they had turned the faucet all the way on? What if the water instantaneously filled the bucket? What if the drip was off an indefinite time and then it started up later? You see while it may be possible that the drip filled the bucket like it is doing now, it is impossible to be certain about it.
Mt. St Helens columns
If we simply looked at the geologic columns of Mt. St. Helens and these pics with many layers we could make the uniformitarian assumption that these layers took several million years. But we observed this volcanic eruption in the 1980's/ Proving how rapid a catastrophe can make a landscape appear to age. This begs the question if other supposedly ancient geological formations were in truth formed rapidly.
http://www.britannica.com/science/radioactive-isotope
"
Radioactive isotope, also called radioisotope,
any of several species of the same chemical element with different masses whose nuclei are unstable and dissipate excess energy by spontaneously emitting radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays."
Incompatible ages) The christian world has an intelligent Sovereign God to correct man's mistakes. But for evolution to function all reality must stand upon it's own justification. If we can not rely upon God as the objective source then we must
http://creation.com/radiometric-dating-and-old-ages-in-disarray
"
To form a radiohalo, there
must be over 109 atoms concentrated into a very tiny spot, about 1 μm
in diameter. There cannot be too many atoms or the alpha damage causes a dark diffuse
sphere, making it difficult to recognize the type of halo. With 238U
halos, colouration initially develops after 100 Ma worth of alpha decay, becomes
darker after about 500 Ma worth, and very dark after about 1 billion worth at today’s
rates. Within the biblical time frame, halos provide further evidence for accelerated
radiometric decay.
The uniformitarian problem with halos is that the half-lives of polonium are much
too short for the assumed slow cooling of magma. The polonium isotopes have decay
half lives of 164 microseconds for 214Po, 3.1 minutes for 218Po,
and 138 days for 210Po."
scholarly irrational-ism:
"
Scientific investigation has helped Christians reevaluate what earlier generations thought about the age of the earth, for example, so that no evangelical scholar today would hold that the world was created in 4004B.C."
Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology pg. 273
It is is a shock to the system to realize that most of christian academia operates irrationally. What happens is that information in the West is all gathered with a secular interpretation. The vast majority of Christians in academia assume that the information is unbiased and therefore must reconcile the secular interpretation with their worldview. As a result the education Christ is left only asking how much of their belief system should be compromised. However the two forms of logic are contradictory. Either miracles happen or they don't. Either there is a God or their is not. Either God is Sovereign or He's not. http://biblesmack.blogspot.com/2007/04/why-genesis-1-is-essential.html
2 Corinthians 10:
3 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh: 4 (for the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) 5 casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ; 6 and having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled."
Old earth cosmology a hindu invention.
Big bang egg is shockingly similar to Hindu egg.
"
Rigveda (10.121) also mentions the Hiranyagarbha (literally, golden embryo/womb/egg) that existed before the creation. This metaphor has been interpreted differently by the various later texts. The Samkhya texts state that Purusha and the Prakriti made the embryo, from which the world emerged. In another tradition, the creator god Brahma emerged from the egg and created the world, while in yet another tradition the Brahma himself is the Hiranyagarbha.[19]"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution
" Lemaître also proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, which he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the
"Cosmic Egg"."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre
"
Hindu creationists claim that species of plants and animals are material forms adopted by pure consciousness which live an endless cycle of births and rebirths.[9] Ronald Numbers
says that: "Hindu Creationists have insisted on the antiquity of
humans, who they believe appeared fully formed as long, perhaps, as
trillions of years ago."[10] Hindu creationism is a form of old earth creationism. According to Hindu creationists the universe may even be older than billions of years. These views are based on the Vedas which depict an extreme antiquity of the universe and history of the earth.[11][12]"
So as we see here the OEC model is not a result of scientific evidence but instead it is based upon mythological antiquity. Thus we have an ulterior motive.
I kissed modern dating methods good bye!
(not endorsed)
"It is obvious that radiometric techniques may not be the absolute dating methods that they are claimed to be. Age estimates on a given geologic stratum by different radiometric methods are often quite different (sometimes by hundreds of millions of years).
There is no absolutely reliable long-term radiological 'clock' William D. Stansfield, Science of evolution (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1977),p.84.
I saw the light!.....stop?
" To break the minute barrier, George Heinze and colleagues at the
University of Darmstadt, Germany, fired a control laser at an opaque
crystal, sending its atoms into a quantum superposition of two states.
This made it transparent to a narrow range of frequencies. Heinze’s team
then halted a second beam that entered the crystal by switching off the
first laser and hence the transparency.
The storage time depends on the crystal’s superposition. A magnetic
field extends it but complicates the control laser configuration.
Heinze’s team used an algorithm to “breed” combinations of magnet and
laser, leading them to one that trapped light for a minute."
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23925-light-completely-stopped-for-a-record-breaking-minute/#.UnA2NVN4nHs
"While slow-speed light now is just a laboratory plaything for top
physicists, Lene Vesergaard Hau, the Danish scientist who led the
project, said practical applications could be a few years away. She
envisions improved communications technology, switches, even
night-vision devices.
The atoms were contained in what is called a Bose-Einstein condensate, a
condition created when matter is cooled almost to absolute zero, the
lowest temperature theoretically possible. That’s 459.67 degrees below
zero.
“We have really created an optical medium with crazy, bizarre
properties,” Hau said. “Everybody knows that light is something that
goes incredibly fast. If you could possibly slow it down to a real human
dimension. That was really fantastic.”
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=99111
"
Using a technique
called Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, the researchers were able to slow down
or ratchet up the speed of light like the gas pedal on a car. They succeeded in
reducing the speed of light by almost a factor of 4 (although that's still
plenty fast at 46,500 miles per second), but even more dramatically, the team
was also able to speed up the speed of light.
Light in a vacuum
travels at approximately 186,000 miles per second, but a popular misconception
is that, according to Einstein's special theory of relativity, nothing in the universe can travel
faster than this speed."
http://www.livescience.com/396-scientists-mess-speed-light.html
If light can be manipulated to stop and speed up, it is no longer a constant. In nature light is no longer guaranteed to be constant which destroys our modern physics and cosmology.
How did we get the age of the earth?
"To begin with, is the earth approximately 4 billion years old? Actually,
the latest estimates suggest a date of 4.57 billion years. But this
figure wasn’t established by radiometric dating of the earth itself.
Most people are not aware of this. The truth is that the age of the
earth has been established by dating meteorites, which are not earth
rocks. They have come from somewhere else in the solar system, and their
source is assumed to have formed at the same time as the earth.
Therefore, the age they supply is an interpretation based on that
assumption and is emphatically not “irrefutable proof.” How do we know
for sure that the meteorites came from another body in the solar system
that was formed at the same time as the earth? That’s an assumption, not
“irrefutable proof.”"Dr. Andrew Snelling "Radiometric Dating and Proof" https://answersingenesis.org/geology/radiometric-dating/radiometric-dating-and-proof/
Polonium halos found in granite
"Etched within Earth's foundation rocks — the granites — are beautiful microspheres of coloration, halos,
produced by the radioactive decay of primordial polonium, which is known to have only a fleeting existence.
The following simple analogy will show how these polonium microspheres — or halos — contradict the
evolutionary belief that granites formed as hot magma slowly cooled over millions of years. To the
contrary, this analogy demonstrates how these halos provide unambiguous evidence of both an almost
instantaneous creation of granites and the young age of the earth.
A speck of polonium in molten rock can be compared to an Alka-Seltzer dropped into a glass of water.
The beginning of effervescence is equated to the moment that polonium atoms began to emit radiactive
particles. In molten rock the traces of those radioactive particles would disappear as quickly
as the Alka-Seltzer bubbles in water. But if the water were instantly frozen, the bubbles would be
preserved. Likewise, polonium halos could have formed only if the rapidly "effervescing" specks of
polonium had been instantly encased in solid rock.
An exceedingly large number of polonium halos are embedded in granites around the world. Just as
frozen Alka-Seltzer bubbles would be clear evidence of the quick-freezing of the water, so are these
many polonium halos undeniable evidence that a sea of primordial matter quickly "froze" into solid
granite. The occurrence of these polonium halos, then, distinctly implies that our earth was formed in
a very short time, in complete harmony with the biblical record of creation." www.halos.com
Dr. Robert Gentry has about a dozen peer reviewed articles in secular science journals discussing this phenomena. He has an amazing story available on the website and documented in His book Creation's tiny mystery. http://www.amazon.com/Creations-Tiny-Mystery-Robert-Gentry/dp/0961675330/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1444150058&sr=8-1&keywords=creation%27s+tiny+mystery
Some creationist have debated Dr. Gentry's hypothesis that the granite is necessarily the original rocks of creation. My speculation based upon my NYC Cosmology would be that a gamma ray burster conducted into the earth radiating the earth's subterranean waters and cooked the granite and and lead igniting the polnium halos and other isotopes.
http://biblesmack.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-fall-of-lucifer-nyc-pt6.html
http://www.icr.org/i/pdf/technical/Accelerated-Decay-Theoretical-Considerations.pdf
Nevertheless, the point of these facts in light contemporary dating methods destroys the uniformitarian hypothesis.
Helium)
"Air is mainly nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (20.1%). There is much less
helium (0.0005%). But this is still a lot of helium—3.71 billion
tonnes. However, since 67 grams of helium escape from the earth’s crust
into the atmosphere every second, it would have taken about two
million years for the current amount of helium to build up, even if
there had been none at the beginning. Evolutionists believe the earth is
over 2,500 times older—4.5 billion years. Of course, the earth could
have been created with most of the helium already there, so two million
years is a maximum age. (It could easily be much younger, such as 6,000 years in age.)
Also,
the rate of helium buildup would be slower now than in the past,
because the radioactive sources have decayed. This would put an even
lower upper limit on the age of the earth."
http://creation.com/blowing-old-earth-belief-away-helium
isochron discordance)"
It could be argued that the robust Rb-Sr
whole-rock and mineral isochron “ages” are in error, but an adequate
explanation for the error has not been offered. The geological context
of these Precambrian rocks places severe limitations on possible
explanations for isochron discordance. Inheritance of minerals, slow
cooling, and post-magmatic loss of daughter radioisotopes are not
supported as processes causing isochron discordance in Beartooth
amphibolite or Bass Rapids diabase. Recently, geochronologists
researching the Great Dyke, a Precambrian layered mafic and ultramafic
intrusion of Zimbabwe in southeast Africa, have documented a similar
pattern of radioisotope discordance. Alpha-emitting radioisotopes (147Sm, 235U, and 238U) give older “ages” than β-emitting radioisotopes (87Rb and 40K)
when applied to the same rocks. Therefore, it can be argued that a
change in radioisotope decay rates in the past could account for these
discordant isochron “ages” for the same geologic event. Conventional
radioisotope clocks need repair."http://www.icr.org/article/do-radioisotope-clocks-need-repair
carbon 14
- Carbon-14 in coal suggests ages of thousands of years and clearly contradict ages of millions of years.
- Carbon-14 in oil again suggests ages of thousands, not millions, of years.
- Carbon-14 in fossil wood also indicates ages of thousands, not millions, of years.
- Carbon-14 in diamonds
suggests ages of thousands, not billions, of years. Note that attempts
to explain away carbon-14 in diamonds, coal, etc., such as by neutrons
from uranium decay converting nitrogen to C-14 do not work. See: Objections.
http://creation.com/carbon-14-dating-explained-in-everyday-terms
http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth (51-54
Potassium argon "In conventional interpetation the K-Ar age data, it is common to discard ages which are substantially too high or too low compared with the rest of the group or with other available data such as the geologic time scale."
Hayatsu, A. "K-Ar Isochron age of the North Mountain Basalt, Nova Scotia," Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 16 April, 1979 pp. 973-975
"
Gregory Brennecka of Arizona State University and colleagues measured
the relative amounts of Uranium 238 to Uranium 235 from several samples
taken from the large Allende meteorite, named for the village in Mexico
near where it landed in 1969. With the more sensitive instrument, they
detected small differences in isotope ratios from different inclusions
within the same meteorite.1 Isotopes are versions of an
element with differing nuclear components. The full technical report
appeared in the January 22, 2010, issue of the journal Science.
The differing amounts of material that were found in separate samplings
of the same meteorite were unexpected. The current standard age
assigned to the solar system of 4.6 billion years was determined by
studying the Uranium-to-Lead decay systems in meteorites, which are
assumed to have formed before the planets did. This age was based on the
belief that the rate of decay has been constant, and that Uranium 238
will be present in a known ratio to Uranium 235. The varying quantities
of these isotopes call into question the calculated age of the solar
system, since “one of the equation’s assumptions — that certain kinds of
uranium always appear in the same relative quantities in meteorites —
is wrong.”2
“This variation implies substantial uncertainties in the ages
previously determined by Pb-Pb [lead-lead] dating of CAIs,” Brennecka
stated in an ASU press release.3 CAIs are
“calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions” found in the meteorite. Though the
measurements of these elements are very precise, the assumptions upon
which their usefulness as a clock rests are questionable at best. In a Wired Science article
on Brennecka’s findings, Gerald Wasserburg, emeritus professor of
geology at Caltech, commented, “Everybody was sitting on this two-legged
stool claiming it was very stable, but it turns out it’s not.”2
To be fair, however, it wasn’t “everybody” who claimed this. For years,
creation researchers have published ample data to refute the assumed
reliability of nuclear decay clocks in general, as well as specifically
for Lead. For example, in 1979, John Woodmorappe catalogued scores of
discordant dates “determined” by isotope decay systems, all published in
secular literature.4 In 2003, Andrew Snelling published more discordant “ages,” taken from isotope measurements at Australia’s Somerset Dam.5
Another study tested the reliability of ages based on radioisotope
systems from Grand Canyon and other formations. It found disagreeing
“ages” from different isotope systems for the same rock.6
These discordant dates should not be evident if the assumption of rate
constancy—which underlies radioisotope dating of igneous materials and
is used to support the “billions of years” age for the solar system—is
accurate.
In 2005, sedimentologist Steve Austin performed a test of the lead-lead
isotope clock assumptions in earth material, and found data that
nullified the idea that the decay rate has been constant.7
So, it is not surprising that Brennecka’s team has now found a need to
tweak the age formulas used for dating meteoritic material.
Although it is apparent that millions of years worth of decay—at
today’s slow rates—has occurred in isotope decay systems, it is clear
that the decay occurred rapidly, during a period of extreme
acceleration. Only in this way could Helium have become trapped in
granites,8 Polonium radiohalos have left their signatures,9 and other microscopic scars called “fission tracks” have formed.10"
http://www.icr.org/article/its-official-radioactive-isotope-dating/
-
Grossman, L. Age of Solar System Needs to Be Recalculated. Wired Science. Posted on wired.com January 4, 2010, accessed January 12, 2010.
-
Staab, N. ASU researchers recalculate age of Solar System. Arizona State University press release, December 31, 2009.
-
Woodmorappe, J. 1979. Radiometric Geochronology Reappraised. Creation Research Society Quarterly. 16 (2): 102-129.
-
Snelling, A. A. 2003. Whole-Rock K-Ar Model and Isochron, and Rb-Sr,
Sm-Nd, and Pb-Pb Isochron, “Dating” of the Somerset Dam Layered Mafic
Intrusion, Australia. In Ivey, R. L., ed. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship, 305-324.
-
Snelling, A. A. 2005. Isochron Discordances and the Role of Inheritance and Mixing of Radioisotopes in the Mantle and Crust. Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling and E. F Chaffin, eds., Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research and Chino Valley, AZ: Creation Research Society.
-
Austin, S. A. 2005. Do Radioisotope Clocks Need Repair? Testing the Assumptions of Isochron Dating Using K-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Pb-Pb Isotopes. In Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling and E. F Chaffin, eds., Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, and Chino Valley, AZ: Creation Research Society.
-
Humphreys, D. R. 2003. New RATE Data Support a Young World. Acts & Facts. 32(12).
-
Snelling, A. A. 2002. Radiohalos—Significant and Exciting Research Results. Acts & Facts. 31 (11).
-
Snelling, A. A. 2005. Fission Track in Zircons: Evidence for Abundant Nuclear Decay. In Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling and E. F. Chaffin, eds., Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, and Chino Valley, AZ: Creation Research Society.
Rate of sea salt in the Oceans)
"In 1899, John Joly estimated (on the basis of measurements) the
amount of Na+ coming in each year, a result which is still regarded as
extraordinarily accurate. He used it to estimate the age of the earth,
as follows.
If the oceans began with fresh water, and the average
inflow was basically unchanged, they would have reached their present
salt level in 80-90 million years. Many scientists accepted this as the
age of the earth. Notice, of course, that if marine creatures were
created as Genesis teaches, the sea would already have to have had salt
in it. Joly’s results can therefore fit a young-age creation model, but
seem to give an age far too young for evolutionists.
Creationists have used such methods to support recent creation. Some other substances give much shorter times.
Joly’s
age of the earth using Na+ began to contradict evolutionary timespans
of billions of years. His ‘age’ for the earth came to be regarded as
‘spuriously low’. It was therefore believed that somehow salt must leave
the ocean as quickly as it enters it. In other words, the sea must have
reached such a ‘steady state’ a very long time ago."
" A major research paper by two scientists from the Institute for
Creation Research shows this steady state belief to be plainly false.
Geologist Dr. Steve Austin and physicist Dr. D. Russell Humphreys
presented their joint paper in August 1990 to an international
creationist conference.2
In
it, they carefully assessed and inventoried all known and conjectured
processes by which salt (Na+) is entering the sea, and all by which it
could possibly be leaving it, such as sea spray, burial of pore water,
and alteration of basalt."
"The results overwhelmingly show that the ‘steady state’ belief is
mythical. The sea salt shows a massive imbalance, even using assumptions
which are very generous for the long-age model. Of the amount pouring
in each year, only 27 per cent (not 100 per cent, as evolutionary belief
insists) is removed. Even if we allow the sea to have started
as fresh water, this gives a maximum age of 62 million years, not the
3,000 million years or more that evolution requires. So where is all the
salt with which the sea should be choked by now?
Geologists once
said that the missing salt could be accounted for as rock salt (halite)
buried in the geologic strata record. A world-wide inventory of rock
salt has shown this ‘sink’ to be insufficient for the ocean’s missing
sodium. The sea is not salty enough for evolutionary taste.
These
results fit very comfortably with a recent age for all things,
including a sea created salty to begin with. Unless a way can be found
to somehow explain the sea’s missing salt, this evidence speaks strongly
against the evolutionary belief system, and is instead strongly
supportive of biblical creation."http://creation.com/sea-salt-loses-its-savour-for-evolutionists
S.A. Austin, D.R. Humphreys, ‘The Sea’s Missing Salt: A Dilemma for Evolutionists’,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Creationism,
Pittsburgh PA, August, 1990, Vol. 2, p. 17-33. (Available from Creation
Science Fellowship, 362 Ashland Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
15228, USA.)
Assuming the uniformitarian model abiogenesis would start roughly 3 billion years ago inside a solid rock of salt!!
coral reef's) http://coralreef.noaa.gov/deepseacorals/about/facts/dsc_oldest.html
"The longest lived coral colony on record is from a species of black coral from the genus Leiopathes
that had an estimated age of 4,265 years old using radiocarbon dating
methods – making it perhaps the oldest known living marine organism.
This black coral from Hawaii is the same genus (Leiopathes
sp.) as the specimen estimated at over 4,200 years old. Named for the
color of their skeletons, black corals come in many colors. Photo
Credit: Texas A&M University
Researchers from Stanford University, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, and the University of California at Santa
Cruz used radiocarbon dating to estimate age and growth rates of
specimens of gold coral of Gerardia sp. and black coral of Leiopathes sp. collected off the coast of the Hawaiian Islands.[a] The longest-lived Gerardia sp. and Leiopathes
sp. specimens were 2,742 years and 4,265 years, respectively. They
estimated that the average radial growth rates of these specimens were
as low as 4-35 micrometers per year. For scale, 50 micrometers is about
the size of a dust speck and the diameter of a human hair is
approximately 80 micrometers."
So living organisms right in time for a YEC date.
coal bed's "
Evidence for rapid, catastrophic formation of coal beds
speaks against the hundreds of millions of years normally claimed for
this, including Z-shaped seams that point to a single depositional event
producing these layers."
http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth
"South-East Australia’s Latrobe Valley has some extremely thick
deposits of brown coal which are mined to fuel several huge power
stations. One bucket-wheel excavator removes the relatively thin
overburden and exposes the coal seam. Another excavator digs the coal
and drops it onto a moving conveyor belt for the power-station boilers.1
The machines are immense, towering over the people who work on them.
Indeed, a person could easily disappear inside one of the many buckets.
Each excavator can dig up to 60,000 tonnes of coal each day.1
Yet the coal seams are so thick that they dwarf these massive
excavators, which must traverse the seam several times before the coal
is completely removed.
The coal seams occur within thick layers of clay, sand and basaltic
lava, which together form a 700-metre (2,300-foot) sequence of rocks,
known as the Latrobe Valley Coal Measures.2
These lie in a large, deep depression, called a ‘basin’, shaped like a
triangle 300 km (190 miles) long and 300 km (190 miles) wide (see
diagram below). Most of the basin lies under the ocean off the southern
coast of Australia. Offshore the coal measures are estimated to be
almost 5 km (3 miles) thick."
"How would such a great amount of vegetation collect together in one
place? No-one alive today has ever observed such a process. All
scientists can do is to invent plausible explanations based on what they
think may have happened. It is consistent with
the devastation of Noah's Flood, which would have uprooted the entire
pre-Flood biosphere and buried it with huge quantities of sand and mud.
For those who believe the Bible, the presence of such great
quantities of buried vegetation is easily explained. It is consistent
with the devastation of Noah’s Flood, which would have uprooted the entire pre-Flood biosphere and buried it with huge quantities of sand and mud." http://creation.com/coal-memorial-to-the-flood
Evidence for rapid petrifaction of wood speaks against the need for long periods of time and is consistent with an age of thousands of years.
Radical folding at Eastern Beach, near Auckland in New Zealand,
indicates that the sediments were soft and pliable when folded,
inconsistent with a long time for their formation. Such folding can be
seen world-wide and is consistent with a world-wide flood.
"The amount of salt in the world’s oldest lake contradicts its supposed age and suggests an age more consistent with its formation after Noah’s Flood, which is consistent with a young age of the earth."
"In 1984, scientists measured the amount of salt accumulated in
Australia's largest salt lake — Lake Eyre in South Australia. They found
that it would have taken about 73,000 years to accumulate, assuming a
flood occurred every 50 years.1
However, the South
Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1991 stated that
'almost all its area is covered on average once in 8 years.'2 This reduces the time period for accumulation to only 12,000 years. This has to be a maximum
time because the fossil evidence suggests that inland Australia was
much wetter in the past, being covered in rainforest during the Tertiary
Period when the lake was supposedly formed. With flooding every year,
as could have occurred in the past, the minimum time for accumulation
would be 1,500 years.
Evolutionists date the Tertiary between two
and 65 million years ago. Even if Lake Eyre formed two million years
ago, and we assume floods every eight years, 99.4 per cent of the
expected salt is missing. If we assume it is older, and take into
account the wetter climate of the past, the problem becomes even
greater, with up to 99.99 per cent of the expected salt missing."
"The amount of sediment on the sea floors
at current rates of land erosion would accumulate in just 12 million
years; a blink of the eye compared to the supposed age of much of the
ocean floor of up to 3 billion years. Furthermore, long-age geologists
reckon that higher erosion rates applied in the past, which
shortens the time frame. From a biblical point of view, at the end of
Noah’s Flood lots of sediment would have been added to the sea with the
water coming off the unconsolidated land, making the amount of sediment
perfectly consistent with a history of thousands of years."
Gordeyev, V.V.
et al., ‘The average chemical composition
of suspensions in the world’s rivers and the supply of sediments to the ocean
by streams’,
Dockl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 238(1980) 150.
http://creation.com/evidence-for-a-young-world#r5
ron-manganese nodules (IMN) on the sea floors. The measured rates of
growth of these nodules indicates an age of only thousands of years.
Lalomov, A.V., 2006. Mineral deposits as an example of geological rates.
CRSQ 44(1):64–66.
"
Pressure in oil / gas wells indicate the recent origin of the oil and
gas. If they were many millions of years old we would expect the
pressures to equilibrate, even in low permeability rocks. “Experts in
petroleum prospecting note the impossibility of creating an effective
model given long and slow oil generation over millions of years
(Petukhov, 2004). In their opinion, if models demand the standard
multimillion-years geochronological scale, the best exploration strategy
is to drill wells on a random grid.” —
Lalomov, A.V., 2007. Mineral
deposits as an example of geological rates. CRSQ 44(1):64–66.
Direct evidence that
oil is forming today in the Guaymas Basin and in
Bass Strait is consistent with a young earth (although not
necessary for a young earth).
rapid formation of geologic column
Polar ice
A. buried plane
http://jennifermarohasy.com/2009/03/plane-found-under-90-metres-of-ice/ It is thought ice cores are a perfect old earth clock. Yet we see how rapidly these ice layers can form.
Frozen Wooly Mammoths
The freezing of woolly mammoths implya quick frozen catastrophe.
Giant tree fossils point to different environment in the arctic. If the arctic was was not a frozen tundra like today and these temperature shifts lasted for centuries,How could the mammoth fossils still be preserved?
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427344-800-mini-ice-age-took-hold-of-europe-in-months/
"
Until now, it was thought that the mini ice age took a decade or so to
take hold, on the evidence provided by Greenland ice cores. Not so, say William Patterson of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, and his colleagues."
Stalagmite bottle? For dedcades it has been argued that stalagtites and stalagmites took thousands of years to form.....
"
In the early 1950s, a worker at Australia’s
Jenolan Caves in New South Wales placed this lemonade bottle
in one of the area’s many beautiful limestone caves.
The bottle sat beneath a continually active stalactite in what is known as the ‘Temple of Baal’.
In the decades that followed, the ‘bottle stalagmite’ became a public testimony to the fact that stalactites
and stalagmites don’t take tens of thousands of years or more to form."https://answersingenesis.org/geology/caves/bottle-stalagmite/
The Earth's Electromagnetic poles
"In the 1970s, the creationist physics professor Dr Thomas Barnes noted that measurements
since 1835 have shown that the field is decaying at 5% per century1 (also, archaeological measurements show that the
field was 40% stronger in AD 1000 than today2).
Barnes, the author of a well-regarded electromagnetism textbook,3 proposed that the earth’s magnetic field was
caused by a decaying electric current in the earth’s metallic core
(see side note). Barnes calculated that the current could
not have been decaying for more than 10,000 years, or else its original strength
would have been large enough to melt the earth. So the earth must be younger than
that."
" The decaying current model is obviously incompatible with the billions of years
needed by evolutionists. So their preferred model is a self-sustaining dynamo
(electric generator). The earth’s rotation and convection is supposed to circulate
the molten nickel/iron of the outer core. Positive and negative charges in this
liquid metal are supposed to circulate unevenly, producing an electric current,
thus generating the magnetic field. But scientists have not produced a workable
model despite half a century of research, and there are many problems.4"
- Life would periodically be exposed to deadly solar radiation.
- It cannot explain the lack of a planetary magnetic field on Mars.
Mars' rotation is similar to Earth's, so it should have a similar
magnetic field.
- It cannot explain the existence of the magnetic field of Mercury. It
rotates too slowly to have a self sustaining dynamo and so it should
not have a magnetic field.
- It cannot explain the orientation of the magnetic fields of, Uranus
and Neptune. The magnetic axis of each planet is tilted about 60
degrees, with respect to the rotation axis, so that the magnetic poles
are near the equator. Furthermore the source of each planet's field is
offset from the center, by about one third of a planetary radius.
According to the dynamo theory, the magnetic and rotation axes should
nearly always be closely aligned, except for a very relatively short
time during a field reversal. When Voyager 2 passed Uranus, the pundits
explained that the planet is in the act of flipping. However, Neptune's
magnetic tilt made this highly unlikely, since the odds of two reversals
occurring at the same time is too small to explain both fields.
- It cannot explain how planetary magnetic fields get started. It
would need a strong enough external magnetic field and no such field
exists, nor is there any theoretical basis for such a field.
http://www.creationwiki.org/Geomagnetic_field_decay
This makes an advanced age impossible
.
Don't call it a comeback!! The moon dust argument never left!
Early estimates by astronomers
"If dust had been accumulating at measured rates for billions of years,
we could have a problem when we tried to land. Creationists at NASA
argued that since the Earth and moon were only about 6,000 years old
there was nothing to fear. Not enough dust had accumulated to endanger
the landing. After creationists were proven right, and old-age
predictions were proven wrong, evolutionists were embarrassed. They
tried to deny that they were ever concerned about the depth of the moon
dust. "http://www.creationmoments.com/content/proof-moon-young
Here are references to the predicitons of a layer of lunar dust prior to the moon landing.
1. Clark, Maurice. 1984. "Moon Blue?" Ex Nihilo, 2(3)- international ed.
2. Dixon, Robert. 1971. Dynamic Astronomy, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
3. Branley, Franklyn. 1964. Apollo and the Moon pub. for the American
Museum-Hayden Planetarium by the Natural History Press, Garden City,
N.J.
4. Asimov, Isaac. 1959. "14 Million Tons of Dust Per Year," Science Digest, Jan.
5. Salisbury, Frank and Peter Glaser (editors). 1964. The Lunar Surface Layer. Academic Press, N.Y.
6. Rand McNally New Concise Atlas of the Universe. 1978. Mitchell Beasley Pub., London.
Actually revealing evidence was hidden away concerning the moon dust argument
http://news.agu.org/press-release/rediscovered-apollo-data-gives-first-measure-of-how-fast-moon-dust-piles-up/
"The annoying particles even prompted a scientific experiment to figure out how fast they collect, but NASA’s data got lost.
Or, so NASA thought. Now, more than 40 years later, scientists have
used the rediscovered data to make the first determination of how fast
lunar dust accumulates. It builds up unbelievably slowly by the
standards of any Earth-bound housekeeper, their calculations show – just
fast enough to form a layer about a millimeter (0.04 inches) thick
every 1,000 years. Yet, that rate is 10 times previous estimates. It’s
also more than speedy enough to pose a serious problem for the solar
cells that serve as critical power sources for space exploration
missions."
"
In his experiment, dust collected on small solar cells attached to a
matchbox-sized case over the course of six years, throughout three
Apollo missions. As the granules blocked light from coming in, the
voltage the solar cells produced dropped. The electrical measurements
indicated that each year 100 micrograms of lunar dust collected per
square centimeter. At that rate, a basketball court on the Moon would
collect roughly 450 grams (1 pound) of lunar dust annually."
At this rate one must again be suspicious that with a 4.6 billion year moon there should then be hundreds of feet of lunar dust instead of 2 cm which meets a young earth scale.
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-mystery-of-moon-dust
Some physicist argued that the machine could have been attracting too much dust electromagnetically.
"It’s possible that an electrical field forms at the terminator
line—where sunlight meets shadow—that could knock dust particles aloft.
Mihály Horányi, a physicist at the University of Colorado, in Boulder,
has demonstrated that moon dust can indeed respond to such electric
fields. But he suspects that the mechanism isn’t strong enough to create
and sustain the mysterious, glowing clouds."
So they predicted the dust and failed. The measured the dust and it gave us a young earth answer and even the secular physicist are in doubt of their best fudge factor explanations... IT POINTS TO A YOUNG EARTH!
https://answersingenesis.org/age-of-the-earth/dating-methods
Evidence of recent volcanic activity on Earth’s moon is inconsistent
with its supposed vast age because it should have long since cooled if
it were billions of years old. See: Transient lunar phenomena: a permanent problem for evolutionary models of Moon formation and Walker, T., and Catchpoole, D., Lunar volcanoes rock long-age timeframe, Creation 31(3):18, 2009. See further corroboration: “At Long Last, Moon’s Core ‘Seen’”;
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/at-long-last-moons-core-seen.html
Blue moon on Kentucky!
"
Friction by the tides is slowing the earth’s rotation, so the length of a
day is increasing by 0.002 seconds per century. This means that the earth is losing
angular momentum.7 The Law
of Conservation of Angular Momentum says that the angular momentum the
earth loses must be gained by the moon. Thus the moon is slowly receding from Earth
at about 4 cm (1½ inches) per year, and the rate would have been greater
in the past. The moon could never have been closer than 18,400 km (11,500 miles),
known as the Roche Limit, because Earth’s tidal forces (i.e., the
result of different gravitational forces on different parts of the moon) would have
shattered it. But even if the moon had started receding from being in contact with
the earth, it would have taken only 1.37 billion years to reach its present distance.8 NB: this is the maximum
possible age—far too young for evolution (and much younger than the radiometric
‘dates’ assigned to moon rocks)—not the actual age."
http://creation.com/the-moon-the-light-that-rules-the-night#receding
Solar sytem
mercury's young magnetic field)The presence of a significant
magnetic field around Mercury
is not consistent with its supposed age of billions of years. A planet
so small should have cooled down enough so any liquid core would
solidify, preventing the evolutionists’ ‘dynamo’ mechanism. See also,
Humphreys, D.R.,
Mercury’s magnetic field is young! Journal of Creation 22(3):8–9, 2008."
The outer planets
Uranus and Neptune have magnetic fields, but they
should be long ‘dead’ if they are as old as claimed according to
evolutionary long-age beliefs. Assuming a solar system age of thousands
of years, physicist Russell Humphreys successfully predicted the
strengths of
the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune."http://www.icr.org/article/329/
Dessler, A.J. "The Neptune challenge," Geophysical
Research Letters, 14 (September 1987), 889.
Humphreys, D.R. "The creation of planetary magnetic fields,"
Creation Research Society Quarterly, 25 (December 1984), 140-149. Available from Creation
Jupiter’s larger moons,
Ganymede, Io, and Europa, have magnetic fields,
which they should not have if they were billions of years old, because
they have solid cores and so no dynamo could generate the magnetic
fields. This is consistent with creationist Humphreys’ predictions. See
also, Spencer, W.,
Ganymede: the surprisingly magnetic moon,
Journal of Creation 23(1):8–9, 2009.
"Volcanically active moons of Jupiter (
Io)
are consistent with youthfulness (Galileo mission recorded 80 active
volcanoes). If Io had been erupting over 4.5 billion years at even 10%
of its current rate, it would have erupted its entire mass 40 times. Io
looks like a young moon and does not fit with the supposed billions of
year’s age for the solar system. Gravitational tugging from Jupiter and
other moons accounts for only some of the excess heat produced." http://creation.com/io-volcanoes
The rate of change / disappearance of Saturn’s rings is
inconsistent with their supposed vast age; they speak of youthfulness.
"
A puzzle for evolutionary chronology began with the Voyager 1 flyby past
Saturn’s rings in 1980. Before then, Earth-bound telescopes provided
little ring detail, and planetary rings were assumed to have endured
virtually changeless since the emergence of the solar system from the
solar nebula—a vast cloud of gas and dust—some 4.6 billion years ago.1–3 ‘Everyone had expected that collisions between particles in Saturn’s rings would make the rings perfectly uniform.’4
For example, Jeffreys had claimed that ‘the frequency of collision [of ring particles] is very great, and
... on account of the loss of relative motion at every collision, the
rings must long ago have reached a state in which all the particles are
moving in very accurate circles, all in the same plane.’5–7
This view arose from belief in the rings’ great age,8 but Voyager 1 showed that the rings are highly structured and probably young,9
as there is more structure than can be expected to persist over 4.6
billion years. Efforts to locate sufficient binding forces have failed,
and a ‘growing number [of astronomers] believe that the rings of Saturn
are constantly ... changing due to fragmentation of moonlets and input
of new ring particles.’10,11
However, there remains a reluctance to associate ring change with ring dissipation,12
since this could imply a young solar system. This reluctance did not
exist before the ascendancy of evolutionary chronology, as in James
Maxwell’s day, Saturn’s rings were acknowledged to be rapidly changing
and possibly dissipating.13"
- Northrup, T. and Connerney, J., A micrometeorite erosion model and the age of Saturn’s rings, Icarus 70:124–137, 1987; p. 124. Return to text
- Pollack, J. and Cuzzi, J., Rings in the solar system, Scientific American 245(5):104–129, 1981; pp. 117, 125–126, 127, 129. Return to text
- Soderblom, L. and Johnson, T., The moons of Saturn, Scientific American 244(1):101–116, 1982; p. 101. Return to text
- Pasachoff, J., Contemporary Astronomy Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 429, 1985. Return to text
- Jeffreys, H., On certain possible distributions of meteoric bodies in the solar system, M.N.R.A.S. 77:84–92, 1916; p. 84. Return to text
- Jeffreys, H., Transparency of Saturn’s rings, J. British Astronomical Association 30:294–295, 1920; p. 295. Return to text
- Alexander, A., The Planet Saturn, Faber and Faber, London, p. 320, 1962, reprinted, Dover, New York, 1980. Return to text
- Kerr, R., Making better planetary rings, Science 229:1376–1377, 1985; p. 1377. Return to text
- Burns, J., Hamilton, D. and Showalter, M., Bejeweled worlds, Scientific American 286(2):64–73, 2002; p. 73. Return to text
- Hartmann, W., Astronomy, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, p. 253, 1991. Return to text
- Dikarev, V., Dynamics of particles in Saturn’s E ring: effects of charge variations and the plasma drag force, Astronomy and Astrophysics 346:1011–1019, 1999; p. 1011. Return to text
- Hartmann, ref. 10, pp. 252–253. Return to text
- Brush, S., Everett, C. and Garber, E., Maxwell on Saturn’s Rings, MIT, Cambridge, MA, p. 7, 1983. Return to text
The orbit of Pluto is chaotic on a 20 million year time scale and
affects the rest of the solar system, which would also become unstable
on that time scale, suggesting that it must be much younger. (See:
Rothman, T., God takes a nap,
Scientific American 259(4):20, 1988).
“
Near-infrared spectra of the Kuiper Belt Object, Quaoar and the
suspected Kuiper Belt Object, Charon, indicate both contain crystalline
water ice and ammonia hydrate. This watery material cannot be much older
than 10 million years, which is consistent with a young solar system,
not one that is 5 billion years old.” See:
The ‘waters above
"
Recent data19 from spectral
analysis of the surface of Quaoar in 1 to 2.5 μm band indicates Quaoar’s
surface is at least covered with crystalline (as opposed to amorphous) water ice
and ammonia hydrate, both of which contain water. This is consistent with the composition
originally being part of the water that was separated from the ‘waters below’.
Moreover, it has been stated that both of these types of crystals should be destroyed
by energetic particle irradiation over timescales of 107 years.19
These crystals still being present, though consistent with a young solar system,
is evidence against a 5 billion-year-old solar system. To counter this, the authors,
thinking within the evolutionary long-age mindset, concluded that Quaoar must have
recently been resurfaced by impacts or cryovolcanic outgassing."http://creation.com/the-waters-above
Jewitt, D.C. and Luu, J., Crystalline water ice on Kuiper
belt object (50000) Quaoar,
Nature 432:731–733,
2004.
The maximum expected lifetime of near-earth asteroids is of the order of
one million years, after which they collide with the sun. And the
Yarkovsky effect moves main belt asteroids into near-earth orbits faster
than had been thought. This brings into question the origin of
asteroids with the formation of the solar system (the usual scenario),
or the solar system is much younger than the 4.5 billion years claimed.
Henry, J.,
The asteroid belt: indications of its youth,
Creation Matters 11(2):2, 2006.
The faint young sun paradox. According to stellar evolution theory, as
the sun’s core transforms from hydrogen to helium by means of nuclear
fusion, the mean molecular weight increases, which would compress the
sun’s core increasing fusion rate. The upshot is that over several
billion years, the sun ought to have brightened 40% since its formation
and 25% since the appearance of life on earth. For the latter, this
translates into a 16–18 ºC temperature increase on the earth. The
current average temperature is 15 ºC, so the earth ought to have had a
-2 ºC or so temperature when life appeared. See: Faulkner, D.,
The young faint Sun paradox and the age of the solar system,
Journal of Creation (TJ) 15(2):3–4, 2001. As of 2010, the faint young sun remains a problem: Kasting, J.F., Early Earth: Faint young Sun redux,
Nature 464:687–689, 1 April 2010; doi:10.1038/464687a; www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7289/full/464687a.html
Speedy stars are consistent with a young age for the universe. For
example, many stars in the dwarf galaxies in the Local Group are moving
away from each other at speeds estimated at to 10–12 km/s. At these
speeds, the stars should have dispersed in 100 Ma, which, compared with
the supposed 14,000 Ma age of the universe, is a short time. See
Fast stars challenge big bang origin for dwarf galaxies.
The aging of spiral galaxies (much less than 200 million years) is not
consistent with their supposed age of many billions of years. The
discovery of extremely ‘young’ spiral galaxies highlights the problem of this evidence for the evolutionary ages assumed.
Biological evidence
1. DNA in ancient fossils "Some scientists have also reported reviving bacteria from the gut of a bee, supposedly 15–40 million years old.
2 And more recently, researchers have claimed to have revived bacteria from rocks said to be 250 million years old.
3
Because the chemistry of DNA tells us that it could not last millions of years, even under ideal storage conditions,
4,5
the claims of finding ancient DNA (let alone ancient intact bacteria)
have been disputed. One expert, Svante Pääbo, found that a few hours
after death, DNA breaks up into chains 100–200 units long, that water
alone would completely break it down within 50,000 years, and that
background radiation alone would eventually erase the DNA information,
even in the absence of water and oxygen."http://creation.com/bugs-in-brine
- Reviving ancient germs? Creation 18(1):9, 1996. Return to text.
- Oard, M.J., Aren’t 250 million year old live bacteria a bit much?, 27 June 2002. Return to text.
- Lindahl, T., Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA, Nature 362(6422):709–715, 1993. Return to text.
- Pääbo, S., Ancient DNA, Scientific American 269(5):60–66, 1993
Mitochondrial eve
"Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates that all women have descended from a single
woman, called mitochondrial Eve.1
This does not prove that she was the only
woman alive at the time, but is consistent with it. High mutation rates
indicate that this ancestor lived at about the time of the biblical Eve as well." http://creation.com/mitochondrial-eve-and-biblical-eve-are-looking-good-criticism-of-young-age-is-premature
3. dinosaur blood cells and soft cell tissue
‘The lab filled with murmurs of amazement, for I had focused on something
inside the vessels that none of us had ever noticed before: tiny round objects,
translucent red with a dark center. Then a colleague took one look at them and shouted,
“You’ve got red blood cells. You’ve got red blood cells!”’
2
Schweitzer confronted her boss, famous paleontologist ‘Dinosaur’ Jack
Horner, with her doubts about how these could really be blood cells. Horner suggested
she try to prove they were not red blood cells, and she says, ‘So far, we
haven’t been able to.’http://creation.com/sensational-dinosaur-blood-report
Mark Armitage discovers soft cells in triceratops horn.
"Attorneys for a California State University, Northridge scientist who
was terminated from his job after discovering soft tissue on a
triceratops fossil have filed a lawsuit against the university.
While at the Hell Creek Formation excavation site
in Montana, researcher Mark Armitage discovered what he believed to be
the largest triceratops horn ever unearthed at the site, according to
attorney Brad Dacus of Pacific Justice Institute.
Upon examination of the horn under a high-powered microscope back at
CSUN, Dacus says Armitage was “fascinated” to find soft tissue on the
sample – a discovery Bacus said stunned members
of the school’s biology department and even some students “because it
indicates that dinosaurs roamed the earth only thousands of years in the
past rather than going extinct 60 million years ago.”http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/scientist-alleges-csun-fired-him-for-discovery-of-soft-tissue-on-dinosaur-fossil/
Here is my interview with this hero of science.
http://www.blogtalkradio.com/bible-smack-radio/2015/03/07/not-another-bloody-dinosaur
One theory to try to debunk this phenomena is using iron preservation. Mark Armitage addresses the theory here on youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXXNJB8U2Fs
4.
Living fossils—jellyfish,
graptolites, coelacanth, stromatolites, Wollemi pine and hundreds more.
That many hundreds of species could remain so unchanged, for even up to
billions of years in the case of stromatolites, speaks against the
millions and billions of years being real.http://creation.com/correcting-the-headline-coelacanth-yes-ancient-no
5.
Pollen:"Finding fossil pollen grains in rock classed as ‘Precambrian’ (long
before seed plants are thought to have evolved) is as devastating to the whole evolutionary
framework as finding a human bone in a Carboniferous coal seam. Geologist Dr Clifford
Burdick, a creationist, was the first to report finding fossil pollen grains of
seed plants in the so-called Hakatai Shale, a layer of the Grand Canyon classified
as ‘Precambrian’"
" At each sample site, the first three to four inches (7.5 to 10 centimetres) of exposed
rock was chipped off, to avoid any surface contamination (the pores in the rock
are in any case too fine to allow pollen to penetrate to any significant depth).
Then the rock beneath was sampled, taking care to avoid any cracks and fissures.
The team opened previously sealed, sterile plastic bags just long enough to allow
freshly flaked-off rock to drop in. They quickly resealed them. In addition, the
collection was done in winter, with snow at the canyon top and all shrubs and trees
dormant.
Great care was taken in the laboratory to avoid contamination. In addition, control
experiments were performed in which, among other things, slides were exposed to
the air in various actively used laboratories for a total of some 400 slide-exposure-days.
Each slide was exposed for between seven and 57 days. In that time, only three possible
pollen grains appeared on the exposed slides, although there were many other contaminants
found - fungal spores, plant hairs, epitheleal cells (skin tissue), and even cells
resembling blood cells. Thus, the chances of pollen from the air falling on to the
slides in the short time they were exposed during preparation were extremely small.
The Results
From the nine samples taken (three from each formation), 43 slides were made. Sixteen
of these showed the pollen of seed plants and/or cells of cryptograms (spore-bearing
plants; a fern, moss or fungus is a cryptogram).
Identification was assisted by the independent assessments of a professional palynologist
(someone who studies pollen) who did not know that the specimens came from ‘Precambrian’
rock.
The accompanying photo shows just one of the finds. Interestingly, all the pollen
was found in the Hakatai Shale specimens. One would expect air-borne contamination
to have an equal chance of contaminating specimens from all three layers."
sun)Dr. John A. Eddy, PhD (astrogeophysics) of the High Altitude Observatory at Boulder, Colorado observes:
“I suspect…that the sun is 4.5 billion years old. However, given some
new and unexpected results to the contrary, and some time for frantic
readjustment, I suspect that we could live with Bishop Ussher’s value
for the age of the earth and sun (approximately 6000 years). I don’t
think we have much in the way of observational evidence in astronomy to
conflict with that.”
Acts 17: 22 Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars’ hill, and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious. 23 For
as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this
inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship,
him declare I unto you. 24 God
that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of
heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands; 25 neither
is worshipped with men’s hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing
he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things; 26 and
hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face
of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the
bounds of their habitation; 27 that they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: 28 for in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring. 29 Forasmuch
then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the
Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man’s
device. 30 And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent: 31 because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
32 And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter. 33 So Paul departed from among them. 34 Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them."