Monday, February 18, 2013

Rock of Ages!!!


The history of Charles Lyell and uniformitarianism
"Lyell entered Exeter College, Oxford in 1816, and attended William Buckland's lectures. He graduated B.A. second class in classics, December 1819, and M.A. 1821.[2][3] After graduation he took up law as a profession, entering Lincoln's Inn in 1820. He completed a circuit through rural England, where he could observe geological phenomena. In 1821 he attended Robert Jameson's lectures in Edinburgh, and visited Gideon Mantell at Lewes, in Sussex. In 1823 he was elected joint secretary of the Geological Society. As his eyesight began to deteriorate, he turned to geology as a full-time profession.[3] His first paper, "On a recent formation of freshwater limestone in Forfarshire", was presented in 1822.[3] By 1827, he had abandoned law and embarked on a geological career that would result in fame and the general acceptance of uniformitarianism, a working out of the idea proposed by James Hutton a few decades earlier."
Wikipedia "Charles lyell"


  It is important to nottice that Lyell was not trained as much of a scientist himself, but more educated in the field of being a lawyer. So most of His work was based upon the findings of James Hutton and his theory of plutonism.  Evolutionist are fond of criticizing academic credentials even though the founders were soo unacredited.

"Plutonism (or vulcanism) is the geologic theory that the rocks forming the Earth were formed in fire by volcanic activity, with a continuing gradual process of weathering and erosion wearing away rocks, which were then deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into layers of sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again. It proposed that basalt was solidified molten magma. It was named after Pluto, the classical ruler of the underworld, or alternatively after Vulcan, the ancient Roman god of fire and volcanoes."
"The Frenchmen Compte de Buffon (a Roman Catholic, but likely a secret skeptic) postulated that the earth had gradually cooled from a molten lava state over at least 70,000 years and Pierre Laplace (a strong atheist) imagined that the solar system had slowly condensed from a gaseous nebula. The German Abraham Werner and the Scottish James Hutton (both deists) developed geological theories that the sedimentary strata formed slowly over millions of years. "
The 19th century scriptural geologists: historical background by Dr. Terry Mortenson, AiG–USA

"The catastrophists dominated the first 35 years or so. They believed that the geological/fossil record could only be explained by imagining that there had been several or many global or regional floods in earth history. George Cuvier, a famous French comparative anatomist and nominal Protestant, published his influential Theory of the Earth in 1813 (English version; the original in French was published a year earlier in Paris under a slightly different title). From studying the fossils found in the rocks in and around Paris he believed that the earth had suffered at least three or four floods, the last of which was Noah’s Flood."
The 19th century scriptural geologists: historical background by Dr. Terry Mortenson, AiG–USA


"  The theory was first proposed before 1750, by AbbĂ© Anton Moro who had studied volcanic islands, and was subsequently developed by James Hutton as part of his Theory of the Earth published in 1788. It contested Abraham Werner's neptunist theory which proposed that the Earth had formed from a mass of water and suspended material which had formed rocks as layers of deposited sediment which became the continents when the water retreated, further layers being deposited by floods and some volcanic activity." Wikipedia" plutonism"

"Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe. It has included the gradualistic concept that "the present is the key to the past" and is functioning at the same rates. Uniformitarianism has been a key principle of geology and virtually all fields of science, but naturalism's modern geologists, while accepting that geology has occurred across deep time, no longer hold to a strict gradualism.
Uniformitarianism was formulated by Scottish naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton, which was refined by John Playfair and popularised by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology in 1830.[1] The term uniformitarianism was coined by William Whewell, who also coined the term catastrophism for the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events.[2]"
Wikipedia "uniformitarianism"
"The contributions he made to correct understandings of ignaceous rocks is large. but his outstanding acheivement was formulation of the uniformitarian principle, which states that natural agents now at work on and within the earth have repeated with general uniformity through immensely long periods of time."
"Hutton reasoning inductively from a wealth of evidence, concluded that the earth dates from the remote past ; he could see no vestige of a beginning- no prospect of an end."
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA Geology: B. 18th century

Hebrews 11:3 "Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear."

naturalistic assumptions: Uniformitarianism most obvious operates under the worldview of naturalism.  There is nothing fundamentally different about our ancient past.

  One thing of interest is that Sutton's theory provides no origin of the earth.  But how does the earth exist if it was never caused?  We know the earth is limited and that it changes.  If this theory is designed to accomodate an eternal earth, how can it give explanation for the age of the earth?

   Essentially this leads one to a pantheistic worldview.  The idea that matter is eternal.  This could not be the case.  Matter is not eternal due to entropy.  Because energy escapes and matter breaks down.
So the gravity and rotation of the earth would eventually break down.  So at somepoint, something had to get the earth started.  The naturalist answer for this is in the "big bang theory".  Which would be a starting point but would still require the miraculous to take place to have nothing to turn into something.  However if there is a required intervention wouldn't this theory fall apart?  Because there can not be something supernatural in an solely natural world.
  So originally uniformatarianism descended from a form of pantheism.  Then it was adapted to a form of deism. The ages are kept at a long range in order to support this theory; also they are used to accompany the idea of biological evolution. And vice versa.

Obvious bias
Lyell was not a geologist by training. he was a lawyer. Which is the essence of bias. Lawyers are paid to deliver a onesided arguement.
"I devoured Lamark... his theories delighted me... I am glad that he has been courageous enough and logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed as far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove that men may have come from the Ourang-Outang. But after all, what changes species may really undergo!... That the Earth is quite as old as he supposes, has long been my creed..."Lyell K. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2 vols, London. vol. 1 p. 168
  Lyell had even stated that his goal was to "free the science from moses" life and letters and journals john murray 1881

1Corinthians 15:39 All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds.
40 There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another.
41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory.



An unproven system:
If we were to find the system of uniformitarianism to be true, we would have to find Lyell's model of geological strata as consistent across the face of the earth.  When in fact we have not found this. In fact there are few locations on the earth that have this specific order and we do not have.
"Whatever the method or approach, the geologist must take cognizance of the following facts... There is no place on earth where a complete record of the rocks is present....  To reconstruct the history of the earth, scattered bits of information from thousands of locations all over the world must be placed together.  The results will be at best only a very incomplete recordIf the complete history of the earth is compared to an encyclopedia of 30 volumes, then we can seldom hope to find even one comeplete volume in a given area. Sometimes only a few chapters, perhaps only a paragraph or two, will be the total geological contribution of a region; indeed, we are often reduced to studying scattering bits of information more nearly comparable to a few words of letters."  Brown Monnet and Stovel  Introduction to Geology

Luke 19:40 And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.

Ties with evolution
"I devoured Lamark... his theories delighted me... I am glad that he has been courageous enough and logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed as far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove that men may have come from the Ourang-Outang. But after all, what changes species may really undergo!... That the Earth is quite as old as he supposes, has long been my creed..." [16]"
Lyell K. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2 vols, London. vol. 1 p. 168
"If I had stated... the possibility of the introduction or origination of fresh species being a natural, in contradistinction to a miraculous process, I should have raised a host of prejudices against me, which are unfortunately opposed at every step to any philosopher who attempts to address the public on these mysterious subjects".[18]
Lyell to William Whewell, March 7, 1837. In Lyell K. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2 vols, London. vol. 2 p. 5

In dating the age of the fossils, they use circular reasoning having the rock layers dated by the fossils.


You may love luci but where is desi?
  When we find a fossil or skelaton what can we prove?
Other than the fact that it used to be a living thing.
   We have no proof that luci had any relative and we have no proof that lucy was not simply a mutant.
If the geological column has been debunked then how do we know its age?
More important is the question of "where is the missing link?" Because now if we accept a connection between apes and man  how do we link them with another species?
  Now I am not dealing with an exhaustive argument of lucy.   Many point out that this creature was a knuckle walker,  that the knee is not original.  That many paintings portray human  parts when the skelatons shows no evidence.
  What I am saying is that if all these things are proven accurate on the evolution case they still have not proven to have a valid case for this being mankinds ancestor.
Genesis 1:26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.



Proper Logic
A. Science bases it's information upon the obersvation of present facts. 
B. History bases it's information based on the obseervation of recorded facts
C. Since Science focuses on observation of the present and history observes the past.  History has a more reliable information concerning the past.
D.  If Uniformitarianism is evidentially neutral and it does not have historical support. (human history is limited to 5-6,000 years) then we need to look to the best historical evidence.


The crafty snake
There was a snake early on who changed every thing! ......
Not that guy!

Titaniboa!!
This massive snake fossil ranging from 50-150ft(estimation because we are unaware if the complete fossil was preserved)  has stirred up some controversy in the scientific community.
Because a giant cold blooded animal would require  very warm weather.  even in columbia the weather would have had to be about 10 degrees hotter.
There are other giant repties in this record of fossils as well. For instance a giant aligator and tortoise.  So many scientist are convinced that this proves the climate there was warmer.  But if this is true then it proves that giant cold blooded reptiles existed in the past. 
Previous scientists under a uniformitarian philosophy would not draw this conclusion.  They took the millions of dinosaur fossils and claimed that they were actually warm blooded. in order to keep with this school of thought.  This is why we heard so much about dinosaurs being linked in evolution with birds.
But now there is nothing inconcisstent and dinosaurs were probably cold blooded. therefore the earth was warmer.  Hence the natural processes of the earth were not uniformitarian.
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/How-Titanoboa-the-40-Foot-Long-Snake-Was-Found.html#ixzz2B52GpyOm Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/How-Titanoboa-the-40-Foot-Long-Snake-Was-Found.html#ixzz2B4zC2L4G

Not only do we see the need for a warmer climate but we also see the need for a higher oxygen level due to the findings of giant insect fossils.  Insects breath through there skin and could not sustain enough oxygen for a large body.
"Reign of the giant insects ended with the evolution of birds
June 04, 2012
By Tim Stephens
 "   Giant insects ruled the prehistoric skies during periods when Earth's atmosphere was rich in oxygen. Then came the birds. After the evolution of birds about 150 million years ago, insects got smaller despite rising oxygen levels, according to a new study by scientists at the University of California, Santa Cruz. ..."
"This fossil insect wing (Stephanotypus schneideri) from the period about 300 million years ago when insects reached their greatest sizes, measures 19.5 centimeters (almost eight inches) long. The largest species of that time were even bigger, with wings 30 centimeters long. For comparison, the inset shows the wing of the largest dragonfly of the past 65 million years. ..."
http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/giant-insects.html
Genesis 6:4a "There were giants in the earth in those days;"

keep it in the canopy!
Why was the atmosphere so different?
While creationist scientist have different opinions.  I believe the bible has the answer to this as well.  In the creation story there was a canopy over the earth.  I believe this was a cloud of ice/hydrogen particle.  Similar to the ice clouds over the planet urinus.  God had perfectly arranged them there to provide a utopian environment.  That was rich in oxygen and heat without the harmful radiation we recieve nowadays.

This is not simply a new theory.  This was a historic observation by many tribes and natians and cultures in the ancient world.
"The notion of the sky as a solid object (rather than just an atmospheric expanse) was widespread among both ancient civilisations and primitive cultures, including ancient Greece, Egypt, China, India, native Americans, Australian aborigines, and also early Christians.[25]
The sky is depicted as a solid dome arched over the earth in both Mesopotamian and Indo-European mythologies (e.g., creation myths) and poetry. The Sumerian sky-god An ruled these firmament-like "heavens", which the wind-god had separated from the flat disc of the earth below, and there were primordial seas above the firmament. Ancient Indians also believed in a solid sky: "Firm is the sky and firm is the earth," says the Rig Veda.[25] This approach to cosmology is probably universal, and is also encountered in mythologies of the New World." Wikipedia firmament

Job 37:18 Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten looking glass?

    Give the Bible a chance!
  The Bible is the most historical of the ancient accounts. 
A.  It has the longest record.  (most histories do not exeed 5,000 years)
B.  Everything is linked in specific geneologies. 
C.  It has been confirmed in many cases by archaeology (a classic example is the record of the hittites which scholars denied.)
D.  The point of a global flooded is corroborated universally. (virtually every ancient culture agrees to this much.
E.  historic geology) the early geologist assumed a catastrophic flood.
all the earth has marine biology in the fossil records. 

Obviously If you believe The scripture is the Word of God, You are more likely to hold this as true.  Also if you reject scriptures you will not like the idea of accepting such an incredible event.

To this I ask you the following is it the logic that is the problem here... or is it the consequences?  If the World was once destroyed it could be so again.  If the biblical account is true, it may mean that the God of the Bible is real and that I am accountable to Him.  You may look at the earth and find all of the destruction caused by rejecting the God of the Bible. And if this is bother you I encourage you to research www.biblesmack.net  and read what the scripture says about salvation.

1 Peter3:18 For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:
19 By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison;
20 Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water.
21 The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ:
22 Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.







Monday, February 4, 2013

metaphysical monster: The voodoo of Word of Faith theology

  The metaphysics movement or "new thought" was popular at the turn of the 20thcentury. One left over version was the christian science movement. But a more popular movement accepted in many churches within orthodox christianity is known as the word of Faith movement.
"New Thought, sometimes known as Higher Thought,[1][2] promotes the ideas that Infinite Intelligence, or God, is everywhere, spirit is the totality of real things, true human selfhood is divine, divine thought is a force for good, sickness originates in the mind, and "right thinking" has a healing effect.[3][4]
  Although New Thought is neither monolithic nor doctrinaire, in general, modern day adherents of New Thought believe that "God" or "Infinite Intelligence" is "supreme, universal, and everlasting", that divinity dwells within each person, that all people are spiritual beings, that "the highest spiritual principle [is] loving one another unconditionally... and teaching and healing one another", and that "our mental states are carried forward into manifestation and become our experience in daily living".[3][4]
   The New Thought movement is a spiritually-focused or philosophical interpretation of New Thought beliefs. Started in the early 19th century, today the movement consists of a loosely allied group of religious denominations, secular membership organizations,[citation needed] authors, philosophers, and individuals who share a set of beliefs concerning metaphysics, positive thinking, the law of attraction, healing, life force, creative visualization, and personal power.[5] The three major religious denominations within the New Thought movement are Religious Science, Unity Church and the Church of Divine Science. There are many other smaller churches within the New Thought movement, as well as schools and umbrella organizations. " wikipedia "New Thought"
   "One popular critic and opponent of The Word of Faith, D.R. McConnell of Oral Roberts University, has charged in a thesis entitled Kenyon Connection, that Kenyon adopted the teachings of New Thought and relabeled them. Thus, the Word of Faith movement, in McConnell’s view, constitutes a "Trojan Horse". This argument was the primary conclusion reached by McConnell’s master’s thesis published as a book, A Different Gospel."  wikipedia "Word of Faith"



What is faith?
"it is the force of faith which makes the spirit world function" the Laws of Prosperity pg. 19 Kenneth Copeland Publications
"God can not do anythingfor you apart or separate from faith"
"faith is God's source of power" Freedom from Fear pg 11-12 Kenneth Copeland ministries

Romans 4:17(kjv) (As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were.
Romans 4:17 As it is written, I have made you the father of many nations. [He was appointed our father] in the sight of God in Whom he believed, Who gives life to the dead and speaks of the nonexistent things that [He has foretold and promised] as if they [already] existed. (amplified)
One Word of Faith teacher defined faith through this passage as many do. "Calling those things which be not as though they are."
    Now philosophically there is a problem at the start. In a metaphysical philosophy faith is the ability to believe in something untrue. So Faith defined in metaphysic terms is to create something true out of something false.
So when we have faith in God... Is God not true, Is He only in our imagination?


How do we read the Bible?
The Bible as a spell book
Many Times preachers in the Word of Faith movement will use scripture as an authority with out the use of hermeneutics. In otherds Words they will disregard the context of the verses they quote. Then they will place authority on what they have said. This means that they can change and even add meaning to the Bible. Is this method scriptural?
1 Cor.14:33 For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints.

God wants us to take the scripture according to it's context. we have to be careful how we handel the word of God.
2Cor. 4:1 Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy, we faint not;
2 But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God.


The use of the Amplified Bible... The amplified Bible is an interesting translation that provides the reader with built in commentary and leaves a lot of words with a variety of possible translations as oppose to actually translating the text.

This is a fine Bible study tool. Yet leaves a lot of room for confusion especially for those young in the faith. As we shall soon see the Word of Faith movement thrives off of confusion and irrational theology.
1 Corinthians 14:33 For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints.

What is man?
psalm 8:5 Yet You have made him but a little lower than God [or heavenly beings], and You have crowned him with glory and honor.

In Word of Faith teaching man is not simply a mortal being but a creature intended to have deity.
"God's reason for creating Adam was His desire to reproduce Himself." "He was not a little like God. He was not almost like God. He was not subordinate to God even."  Following the Faith of Abraham, tape#01-3001, side 1.
 Hebrews 2:6 But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man that thou visitest him?

7 Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands:

 Here the author of Hebrews settles the controversy, man is lower than the angels. Who by the way are lower than christ.  since being lower than the angels is lower than God there is no controversy and in no real or ontological way is man the same as God.


What is God?
In Word of Faith theology God is an enchanced man who became a deity.  This is very similar to the mormon Gospel.  I believe there is probably some influence from various groups descending out of Missouri were the original mormons dwelled.
"God is not 427 feet tall, weighing 4000lbs, and got a fist as big as this room. He's big,  but He's not a monster. He measured out Heaven with a nine inch span...The distance between my thumb and my finger is not quite nine inches.  So I know he is bigger than me thank God.  Amen?" Jerrry Savelle
framing your world with the Word of God part 2 audiotape #ss-36, side one
Jerrry Savelle evangelistic association
deuteronomy 4:16 Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,




Is God Sovereign?

john 10:10 The thief comes only in order to steal and kill and destroy. I came that they may have and enjoy life, and have it in abundance (to the full, till it [b]overflows).

 A word of faith teacher taught that this was a watershed verse.  Claiming the God was not fully Sovereign because evil existed.
Ultimately this leads to the heresy of manichaeinism.  The idea of 2 Gods one which is evil, and one which is Good.  WOF teachers commonly give godlike attributes to Satan.

Isaiah 45:7 I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the Lord do all these things.
  God is sovereign over all things. While I do not conclude that this passage teaches that God is the creator of moral evil.  God is definitely Sovereign and in control of destruction upon the earth.


Are we healed?
Isaiah 53:5 But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our guilt and iniquities; the chastisement [needful to obtain] peace and well-being for us was upon Him, and with the stripes [that wounded] Him we are healed and made whole.
  He endured physically for our spiritual sins. Therefore by his physical stripes we are spiritually healed.

Are we supposed to be wealhy?
3john 2 Beloved, I pray that you may prosper in every way and [that your body] may keep well, even as [I know] your soul keeps well and prospers

3 john1 The elder unto the well beloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth.

2 Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth.
   It doesn't take long to nottice that this is not a proclamation from the father but john the apostle giving a greeting to Gaius.




Is this an indictment of all charismatics?
"Furthermore, it is tragic that a number of non-charismatics have attempted to use the faith teachers to prove that the charismatic movement is in chaos." Hank Hannengraaf Christianity in Crises pg. 48
There are many charasmatic teachers who are thoroughly orthodox and not involved with the word of faith movement.  Walter Martin, Gordon Fee, Keith Green, Wayne Grudem etc.


What are man's words compared to God's Words?

The Damned Savior
"Do you think that the punishment for our sin was to die on a cross?  If that were the case, the two thieves could have [aid your price.  No, the punishment was to go to hell itself and to serve time in Hell separated from God.... Satan and all the demons of hell thought that they had Him down to the very pit of hell itself to serve our sentence." Frederick K. C. Price Ever increasing Faith Messenger (june 1980)


"Because he was "made sin," impregnated with sin, and became the very essence of sin, on the cross he was banished from God's presence as a loathesome thing.  He and sin were made synonymous...It was not sufficient for christ to offer up only his physical life on the cross. His pure human spirit had to descend into Hell.... His spirit must not only descend into hell, but into the lowest hell...
The Father turned Him over, not only to the death of calvary, but to the satanic torturers of his pure spirit as part of the just desert of the sin of all the race. As long as Christ was "the essence of sin" he was at Satan's mercy in that place of torment...
While Christ identified with sin, Satan and the host of hell ruled Him as over any lost sinner. During that seemingly endless age in the nether abyss of death, Satan did with Him as He would, and all hell was "in carnival" Paul Billheimer  Destined for the Throne pg 83-84

But the gospel is explained in the scripture…
1 Corinthians 15:1-4
King James Version (KJV)
15 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;
2 By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.
3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;
4 And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:
The Subject of the Gospel is Jesus Christ and what He did. It is this gospel which saves us.
Romans 1:16
King James Version (KJV)
16 For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

And the Gospel cannot be altered.

Galatians 1:6 I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel:7 Which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of Christ.8 But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.
Now I am not accusing all of altering the gospel. But I know that there are teachers in this tradition who are. And a little leaven leaven’s the whole lump.
I shouldn’t have to see a teacher of God’s Word get nervous hearing me talk about how great heaven will be. Because this is the truth.
Matthew 6:20
King James Version (KJV)
20 But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal:
Heaven is not currently on the earth right now and for Good reason. The scripture teaches it would be corrupted.

I pray for anyone encounetering this teaching that they place faith in God through scripture and not man-made religion.
quotations gathered from "christianity in crises" by Hank Hannengraff